Resources and Development Class 10 NCERT Solutions 2026 PDF Download

Ans: 1. Individual Resources: Owned privately by individuals (e.g., plots, houses, wells).
2. Community Owned Resources: Accessible to all members of the community (e.g., grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds).
3. National Resources: Belong to the nation (e.g., roads, railways, minerals). Technically, all resources within the political boundaries are national.
4. International Resources: Regulated by international institutions (e.g., oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone).

Ans: 1. Identification and Inventory: Surveying, mapping, and qualitative/quantitative estimation of resources across regions.
2. Planning Structure: Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional setup for implementing resource development plans.
3. Matching Plans: Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans (Five Year Plans).

Ans: Alluvial Soil.
Characteristics:
1. It covers the entire northern plains and extends to Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2. Deposited by three Himalayan river systems: The Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.
3. Consists of sand, silt, and clay.
4. Based on age, it is classified as Bangar (Old alluvial, kankar nodules) and Khadar (New alluvial, more fertile).
5. Rich in potash, phosphoric acid, and lime; ideal for sugarcane, paddy, and wheat.

Ans: 1. Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
2. Terrace Farming: Cutting out steps on the slopes to make terraces restricts erosion (practiced in Western/Central Himalayas).
3. Strip Cropping: Dividing large fields into strips and growing grass between crops to break the force of the wind.

Ans:
Biotic Resources: Obtained from the biosphere and have life. Examples: Human beings, flora, fauna, fisheries, livestock.
Abiotic Resources: Composed of non-living things. Examples: Rocks, metals, water, soil.

Ans: 1. Also known as Regur Soil or Black Cotton Soil.
2. Made up of extremely fine, clayey material and is well-known for its capacity to hold moisture.
3. Rich in soil nutrients like calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime, but poor in phosphoric acid.
4. Develops deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in proper aeration of the soil.

Ans: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat (Saurashtra region).

Ans: Over-irrigation. It leads to waterlogging, which increases the salinity and alkalinity of the soil.

Ans: The word 'Laterite' comes from the Latin word 'later' meaning brick. It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. It is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. It is useful for growing tea, coffee, and cashew nuts.

Ans: Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access them (e.g., Hydrogen in water as a fuel source).

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi. He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion.

Ans:
Bangar (Old Alluvial): 1. Higher concentration of 'Kankar' nodules.
2. Less fertile than Khadar.
3. Found in areas further from the river.
Khadar (New Alluvial): 1. Fine particles, no Kankar.
2. More fertile, ideal for intensive agriculture.
3. Renewed every year near river banks.

Ans: 1. Depletion: Resources are depleted for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.
2. Inequality: Accumulation of resources in a few hands divides society into two segments i.e., haves (rich) and have-nots (poor).
3. Ecological Crisis: It has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, and land degradation.

Ans: 1. In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2. Purpose: To address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development.
3. Outcome: Leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity.
4. They endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Ans: Soil is considered a living system because it supports different types of living organisms like bacteria, fungi, insects, and earthworms. It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few centimeters in depth, and it constantly undergoes changes due to biological and physical processes.

Ans: 1. Mountains (30%): Ensure perennial flow of rivers, tourism, and ecology.
2. Plains (43%): Provide facilities for agriculture and industry (granaries of the country).
3. Plateaus (27%): Rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels, and forests.
This diversity ensures a rich and balanced resource base for development.

Ans: When running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels, they are called gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land (e.g., Ravines in the Chambal basin).

Ans: Alluvial Soil.

Ans: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh (Western and Central Himalayas).

Ans:
Current Fallow: Left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year.
Other than Current Fallow: Left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years.

Ans: Deforestation due to mining operations.